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string(151) ‘ choosing a person to ostracize, broken shards of pottery referred to as ostrakon would be used with the intended person of exile name, etched onto the shard\. ‘

MEANT FOR CONFLICT Jarod Bleibdrey, M. S. C.

M January 20, 2013 While humans have got evolved into vast, sophisticated civilizations, an evergrowing trend became notable to mankind, which was corruption. Speculating that Herodotus was the initial true historian, and Thucydides was the second, then the Peloponnesian War is the first sort of government problem in which battle became inescapable. At this point, the war differs in belief of the two great units, and for what reason the war was possibly fought.

This kind of essay can demonstrate the way the Peloponnesian War stood as a great sort of how superpowers become drive into battle with one another, based on corruption, huge difference in lifestyles, as well as the urging via smaller choices. Focus will probably be on how both Athens and Sparta’s personal, social and diplomatic systems forced these people into challenge, but the fights themselves are of little matter in this composition. It was the “behind the scenes situations that can greatest explain and summarize the war.

With the focus laying upon the causes of the battle, it becomes vital that you remember that, what began as being a great cha?non, turned into the devastation of Greece and allowed the conquest of Philip of Macedonia to commence. I want to begin with the culture of Athens and Sparta, in an attempt to explain the vast comparison within the two city-states. The Spartans had been obsessed with all their military superiority, while the Athenians were thinking about comfort and lifestyle. Granted, the Athenian Navy blue was the strongest maritime power of the age, but even more on this once we get to corruption.

The traditions of Athens and Spartis was dissimilar to their primary, everything from politics to everyday living conflicted, leading to them to turn into competitive and distrustful of every other. The Spartan government was a very complex composition, which contains a dual monarchy, a warrior set up (apella), a council of elders (gerousia) and the ephors. Herodotus statements that the two royal groups of Sparta, which in turn consisted of the Agiadai and Eurypontidai people, shared a common ancestry and can trace their particular lineage returning to Herakles him self.

Thus making the royal families simply by blood lines, which would be unable to become displaced, in contrast to that of military power, which may be overthrown. The kings were limited in their power as they simply held command of the armed service. They had no influence inside the laws that have been left to the apella, gerousia and ephors. The apella was consists of every Spartan warrior who had reached age thirty. The apella’s primary functions included electing associates for the gerousia, and the ephors. The apella kept the ultimate power on matters of legislation and coverage.

The manner by which they voted was through a process of acclamation. Above the apella was the gerousia, which contained the two kings and twenty-eight members of Spartan a warrior who had reached the age of 59. The people elected in to the gerousia dished up a lifestyle term, and may only be taken off by the ephors. The true nature of the gerousia is unknown, but Herodotus wrote the gerousia can serve as a court to listen to capital cases. The last political body in the Spartans and perhaps the most important is the ephors. The five ephors had been freely chosen each year and attended most of the daily business of Spartis.

Each month the kings plus the ephors will exchange oaths, to which every pledged to uphold the positioning of the other. The ephors had been the true controlling body in the Spartans, and thus resembled an oligarchy regulation. It was this oligarchic regulation of the ephors which was adament on the agoge, and placed Sparta into a militaristic targeted city-state. The federal government in Athens followed an extremely different training course than Sparta. Athenian citizens had the work to have your vote or carry office. During the 6th 100 years B. C., Athens instituted a unique sort of government in which the citizens had a direct say in the election of market leaders.

This early on form of democracy was lead by Cleisthenes who came up with the Assembly, which in turn comprised just about every citizen of Athens, and the Council of 5 Hundred. This kind of Council was comprised of 60 representatives by each of the Ten Tribes of Athens. This ensured every tribe recently had an equal claim in the creation of laws and regulations and selection of market leaders. To ensure equal rights, the law was set that every member of the fifty from a single of the 10 tribes must not be related, neither hold the same occupation every other member¦to ensure there was no nepotism or prevalent vestment.

The Council of 5 hundred symbolized the legal body of Athens. The executive power was located within the Strategus, in which 15 generals were elected into office for one year terms, of these 15 strategi, a single was selected as leader of the group and served as commander in chief. The judicial benefits of Athens was placed with all the Areopagus, or perhaps the Supreme Court docket. This body system was made up, primarily, of wealthy land owners who had been elected since archons (judges) in the past. This kind of legislative, business and judicial branched government is reminiscing to all current day democracies.

The deviation from modern times being Athens was obviously a direct democracy, in which the citizens had to be present to vote. Every single branch of the government was able of vetoing one another, thus establishing a check and harmony system. It had been also customary to get rid of from the nation, any loudspeaker who started to be too strong, in a procedure called ostracism. Every year the Council identified and 1 member can be ostracized (banished) for a amount of ten years. Athens would election by throwing colored rocks into a giant pot.

This would be a very time consuming process since each theme would have orators speak upon its account, and upon conclusion from the debate the voting might begin. The rocks had been either black or white, where white stood for approve and black symbolized a refusal. When choosing a person to ostracize, busted shards of pottery called ostrakon would be used with the intended person of exil name, imprinted onto the shard.

You read ‘Peloponnesian War (Research Pap. )’ in category ‘Essay examples’ After all votes were made, the numbers of every were matched and the victor/ostracized proclaimed. This could take a very long time and thus the Athenians prided themselves after their determination and awareness of detail.

This may have lead modern historians to view the Spartans as impulsive, as well as the Athenians as cautious. This has been a major misunderstanding, as obvious by the conversation given by Ruler Archidamus of Sparta, in which the Spartan California king asked the council to exercise explanation and extreme care before declaring war after Athens. In return, Pericles him self urged the Athenians to war against a major land military services. Another difference between the two great city-states was their very own daily living and just how it damaged the trade in the two cities.

The Athenian economic climate was greatly dependent upon international trade also because of their site on the Aegean Sea, maritime became existence, and the sea meant existence and sustenance. While transact was a necessity in Athens, Sparta relied upon their slave labor. The Helots (slaves) of Tempas were the driving force of Spartan farming, and allowed for Spartan’s increased free time to translate into their very own dedication for the agoge. Since Sparta was cut off in the rest of Greece by two mountain runs there was little trade being conducted, and thus alliances ere not a suited strong point of Sparta. The Spartans almost never traveled off their city-state or allowed foreigners into it, hence making the sole true advantage of signing up for Sparta, being of their popularity in challenge. With Sparta being an isolationist state, their very own perception may have been regarded truth and fact, no matter what was created of them. One of the biggest differences between the Athenian and the Spartans regarded their frame of mind towards ladies. The part of women in the Greek city states of Athens and Sparta storage sheds light after the appropriate values of their time.

Spartan ladies had related equality for their male version (except for voting rights). Spartan women did tiny housework or sewing, because they relied upon their slave labor to conduct the daily chores. Because of the men staying in the army and often abroad, the women had full power over their particular households and were not pressured into a your life of simply childbearing and housekeeping. Since Spartan girls demonstrated the authoritative influence, the nation thrived and became a beacon of advancement, which will would genuinely be a better resemblance to modern cultures than Athens.

When Athenian girls came of age, their fathers offered them for marriage. Even while wives, they were required to stay indoors all the time, and their principal life jobs were child rearing, housework, and regular sewing, thus giving them no likelihood to contribute to the Athenian’s expansion and traditions. Sparta was uneasy, constantly concentrating on warfare and the point out of Tempas as a whole, as the Athenians focused their attention on enjoyment found a chance to foster wonderful thinkers in science, idea, literature¦etc.

Using their differences in govt, physical area and views on women, Spartis and Athens represented both very different ways a pastapas could have been back in the fifth hundred years of Old Greece, and thus set them-selves on a fast guide for substantial dominance, although war and battle would hold an absolute value to the Greeks, and thus it was challenges which bring about great alliances and enemies. In 478 BC, following defeat of Xerxes’ intrusion of Portugal, Pausanias the Spartan led Hellenic causes against the Persians.

He was an unpopular commander (who might have conspired with the Persians), and Tempas was desperate to stop prosecuting the war. Sparta surrendered the management of the ongoing campaign to Athens, which was wanting to accept it. The Athenians now got their opportunity to take the reins and gain glory for themselves and Greece. The Delian League was inaugurated in 477 BC as a great offensive and defensive alliance against Persia. The principal cities in the Little league were Athens, Chios, Samos, and Lesbos, but many from the principal destinations and Ionian cities joined the little league.

Athens led the Delian League from the beginning, though at its founding the treasury was located on the area of Delos, and each state in the league had an equivalent vote. The assessment because of from each state was assigned by Aristides the Just, leader in the Athenians, a few members were assessed ships, others troops, others guns, and others funds. A authorities of all the metropolitan areas met in Delos regularly, probably once bringing all their assessment towards the island. The turning point in the Delian little league occurred in 461 BC, when Cimon was ostracized, and was been successful in his affect by democrats like Ephialtes and Pericles.

This signaled a complete change in Athenian international policy, missing the bijou with the Spartans and instead allying with her enemies, Argos and Thessaly. Megara abandoned the Peloponnesian league and allied their self with Athens, allowing structure of a dual line of wall space across the Isthmus of Corinth, protecting Athens from assault from that 1 / 4. Around the same time additionally they constructed the Long Walls connecting their very own city towards the Piraeus, their port, so that it is effectively protegido to attack by terrain.

The Athenian dominance in the Delian group was unrivaled and undisputed, this generated major improvements within the Delian league and Athens. This kind of progression and events will probably be discussed afterwards within this essay. Reverting back, the Delian league had not been the only cha?non within Portugal, as the Spartan lead Peloponnesian little league also took root. Inside the second half the 8th hundred years B. C., Sparta conquered Messenia, a situation in the freebie southwest of the Peloponnese. The land was converted over to Spartans and the Messenians turned into helots.

The Messenians revolted in the midst of the next hundred years, but after 17 years, the Spartans prevailed. By the time the Spartans were attacking the Arcadian city of Tegea, in the sixth century, her plans for the conquered citizens got changed. Tegea was made a dependent state obligated to furnish troops. Sparta rapidly created a confederacy of most of the other Peloponnesian says according them a similar agreement: Sparta was at charge (known as the hegemon) and so they would supply troops. Every had its very own treaty and sent deputies to help in decision-making.

This became known as the Peloponnesian Group. Unlike regarding the Delian League, the Peloponnesian league has no official start date, as every treaty was collected and approved after some time and in that period the marking name of Peloponnesian group was given. This kind of league was formed in identification of Sparta’s dominance and no misconceptions of that were at any time given. Each city-state that joined recognized Sparta’s armed service power while better than their own, and employed the Peloponnesian League being a body protect against various other city-states seeking to invade these people.

Under the safeguard of the Spartans, their allies enjoyed a voice after they would have recently been forced to stay silent. In contrast to Athens, the Spartans did not make all their allies pay any tribute, but they performed ensure we were holding governed by oligarchies (who would work in the interest of the Spartans). It is important to notice: Argolis and Achaea were excluded out of this league. Argos and Tempas had been by odds in the territory of Thyreatis. Their particular first challenge had proved to be inconclusive, as the story moves, all but one on the Spartan side and two around the Argive aspect were wiped out.

The Argives claimed the victory because more made it through, and went back home. The Spartan slept on the spot and thus claimed he was the victor. The next time the 2 sides battled, the Argives clearly shed and forfeited the area to Spartis. With two powerful units within Portugal, one would determine that warfare would have recently been inevitable, however , Sparta would not want to progress into warfare with Athens. Athens would not wish to progress into war with Spartis, but the problem of Athens created a chain of events which created the forthcoming war.

Thucydides expresses the main cause of the Peloponnesian war being that of Sparta’s jealousy and concern in Athens growing power. This is certainly stated in Book 1 passage 23, the moment Thucydides claims, “But the actual reason for the war is definitely, in my opinion, most likely to be disguised by simply such an debate. What made battle inevitable was the growth of Athenian power as well as the fear which this triggered in Tempas.  This view point is, i believe, very closed minded to the whole. The of the Delian league causes a better perspective in that the Delian League, particularly the Athenians, were happy to force towns to join or perhaps stay in the League.

As one example to this, i want to examine Carystus, a city around the southern tip of Euboea, who was forced to join the League by simply military push of the Athenians. The reason for this was that Carystus was enjoying the advantages of the Group (protection coming from pirates as well as the Persians) with no taking on some of the responsibilities. Furthermore, Carystus was a traditional basic for Persian occupations. The Athenian political figures had to rationalize these acts to Athenian voters to acquire votes, and they also utilized oration to swing the public vantage of the circumstance.

Next is usually Naxos, an associate of the Delian League, which in turn attempted to secede, and was enslaved, Naxos is believed to have been required to tear down her walls, dropped her fleet, and her vote in the Delian Little league. Thucydides tells us that this is definitely how Athens’ control over the League grew. “Of all the causes of defection that linked with arrears of tribute and vessels, and with inability of services, was the key, for the Athenians had been very severe and rigorous, and made themselves offensive by utilizing the screw of need to males who were not used to and in fact not disposed for any ongoing labor.

In certain other values the Athenians were not the popular rulers they had been at first, of course, if they had much more than their fair share of support, it was correspondingly easy for them to reduce virtually any that tried to leave the confederacy. The Athenians also arranged intended for the additional members of the league to pay the share of the expense in money instead of in ships and men, and for this the subject city-states had themselves to blame, their wish to step out of giving services making many leave their particular homes.

Hence while Athens was increasing her navy with the money they contributed, a rise ? mutiny always found itself lacking the necessary resources or perhaps experienced commanders for battle.  -Thucydides At this point it is vital to note that Thucydides is usually an Athenian General, although he gives a large producing to state he may approach his historical consideration with eyewitness testimony and scientific structured method¦he is bound to bias. Even the name most commonly known as the Peloponnesian Warfare is biased upon the Athenian watch point. In Spartan record, the conflict is referred to as the Athenian War.

In ancient Greek writings the name of the battle has to the rival side, regarding infer the enemy started out the confrontation and modern day translation can be inclined to show this. If at this point the first is resistant to this kind of view stage, I provide Thucydides personal words once commenting upon why Athens became the dictator with the Delian Little league, “”We did nothing surprising, nothing unlike human nature, if we accepted management when it was offered and therefore are now not willing to give it up. ” -Thucydides With Thucydides now displayed as biased record, the observation of what genuinely caused the Peloponnesian/Athenian battle is to come to light.

Athens and Sparta had been the superpowers of ancient Greece, with only Corinth possessing the cabability to be of noteworthy mention in matching these kinds of powers. In 454 BC, Athens transferred the treasury of the Delian League by Delos to Athens, allegedly to keep it safe from Persia. Nevertheless , Plutarch signifies that many of Pericles’ competition viewed the transfer while Athens method to utilize the leagues budgetary resources to finance elaborate building projects. Additionally they switched from accepting boats, men and weapons, to accepting cash. The new treasury established in Athens was used for many functions, not all associated with the security of members of the league.

It was coming from tribute paid to the group that Athenians built the Acropolis and the Parthenon, along with many other non-defense related expenses. It was during this time period, Donald Kagan expresses, and the Athenian Disposition arose, while the technological definition of empire is a selection of cities spending taxes to a central, major city, when keeping local governments in one piece. This is what started to occur within the Delian League. It was turning from an alliance to the empire¦against the wishes of the league. With Athens right now being one of the most powerful with the Delian group, the smaller city-states were appreciated to remain¦or join Sparta.

The smaller city-states are, i believe, the true cause of the Peloponnesian War, because they began to bounce from a great alliance with Athens to Sparta and vice versa. In the event that Athens and Sparta need to be viewed as two boulders, connected by a single chain (which represents the smaller city states), as the chain pulls from one to the other¦the big chunks of rock become meant to clash. This situation is reminiscing to England v. France, U. S. A. v. The ussr (Cold War) and multiple other wars since the Peloponnesian War. Both equally sides had various opportunities to get diplomacy to take effect, and the outcomes forced force in the only technique of resolution.

Diplomacy in Tempas consisted of the allies from the Peloponnese to take up the community forum and share their issues. Corinth laid the foundation and even though the Spartan king attempted to refrain from stepping into a warfare with Athens, the council voted to file war upon Athens for his or her many infractions of the serenity treaty. With that, an ultimatum was sent to Athens, The Spartan assemblage decreed that Athens should certainly abandon the siege of Potidaea and should give Aegina her self-reliance, but the primary point was that war could be avoided in the event Athens could revoke the Megarian rule which excluded the Megarians from all ports n the Athenian Empire and from the industry in Attica itself. The Athenians concentrated upon these of the needs, (seeing because they would not yield to the first), and in this kind of Pericles gives a riveting conversation to the assembly stating that giving in to any of Sparta’s demands would be an act of submissiveness and that could, in turn, cause Sparta dictating further Athenian actions. The council identified for conflict and thus the Athenian battle began. It was the final attempt at diplomacy prior to two juggernauts squared off against each other.

Diplomacy, until now, has kept the titans in their particular corners, however the inferior city-states pushed these people into challenge. The Spartans knew of their inferiorities around the ocean, associated with their perpetual tether to their homeland¦and in so , they were limited. The Athenians trusted their superior numbers, financial situation, navy and arrogance to see them through as victors. On paper the battle was desperately in the Athenians benefit, but Spartis was type for warfare, and Athens had switched friends in enemies. Finally, it is important to remember Athens placed with great intention, as the Delian League was a symbol of unity and cohesive team-work.

With that great power, Athens became dependent upon the tributes and became a superpower of monumental stature. Athens in that case began penalizing any of those that wished or perhaps attempted to defect from the Delian league. It is now apparent for what reason the Delian league is definitely synonymous with all the Athenian Empire, and resistant that electrical power leads to corruption. About right now, one remembers that Tempas won this conflict, (with the aid of the Persians), and became the great ruler of all Greece. Faithful to the Peloponnesian league, Tempas instituted a great oligarchy inside the borders of Athens, and this lasted for thirty years.

It absolutely was not file corruption error that generated the fall of the Athenian oligarchy, it was the folks and their customization to democracy. The oligarchy was overthrown and democracy was instilled back into the polis. This kind of demonstrates that not all subjective groups with power will certainly abuse it, but when power is liberal to be grasped¦beware. The story is constantly on the demonstrate how Athens and Sparta had been so emaciated by struggling each other, that Philip of Macedonia was able to sweep in and conquer all of Greece. This set in the perfect chance for Alexander the truly great, (Philips son) to conquer the noted world and spread the greatness of Greece to all corners.

Without the Peloponnesian Battle, Philip would probably not had the opportunity to conquer and the Hellenistic theology could have been enclosed. When looking at epic fights between the big chunks of rock of humanity, it is essential to remember, the outcome is important for the future line of events to happen. BIBLIOGRAPHY 5. Donald Kagan, 2003, The Peloponesian Conflict, Publisher: Penguin Group (U. S. A) * Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian Warfare, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Publishing, 1972) * Aristotle, Xenophon, Aristotle and Xenophon on Democracy and Oligarchy, trans.

J. M. Moore (Berkeley California: University of California Press, 1975) 5. Paul Cartledge, 2002, The Spartans, Author: Vintage Creating (New York) * Nic Fields, 2007, Thermopylae 480 BC: Previous Stand in the 300, Publisher: Osprey Publishing (Oxford UK) * Karolos Papoulias, 2006, Athens-Sparta, Author: Alexander S i9000. Onassis Open public Benefit Base (U. H. A. ) * D. M. Macdowell, 1986, Spartan Law, Author: Penguin Group (Edinburgh Scot. ) * C. A. Hignett, 1952, History of the Athenian Constitution to the end of the 5th century W. C. Publisher: University of Oxford press (Oxford) * Yannis Lulus, 2006, A brief history of Athens from the 8th to the past due fifth 100 years B. C., Publisher: Alexander S. Onassis Public Profit Foundation (U. S. A) * Herodotus, The Reputations, ed. Steve Marincola, trans. Aubrey De Selincourt (London: Penguin Group publishing, 2003) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , [ 1 ]. Herodotus, The Reputations, ed. Steve Marincola, trans. Aubrey Sobre Selincourt (London: Penguin Group publishing, 2003) Verse 6th. 52 [ 2 ]. Herodotus, The Reputations, ed. Ruben Marincola, trans. Aubrey De Selincourt (London: Penguin Group publishing, 2003) Verse five. 6-60 [ several ]. Herodotus, The Reputations, ed. Ruben Marincola, trans. Aubrey De Selincourt (London: Penguin Group publishing, 2003) Verse five. 40 [ 4 ]. Aristotle, Xenophon, Aristotle and Xenophon on Democracy and Oligarchy, trans. M. M. Moore (Berkeley California: University of California Press, 1975) Passage 15. six of Xenophon “The Politeia of the Spartans [ 5 ]. Aristotle, Xenophon, Aristotle and Xenophon in Democracy and Oligarchy, trans. J. Meters. Moore (Berkeley California: University of California Press, 1975) taken from Aristotle’s The Constitution of Athens [ 6 ]. Aristotle, Xenophon, Aristotle and Xenophon on Democracy and Oligarchy, trans.

J. Meters. Moore (Berkeley California: College or university of California Press, 1975) taken from Aristotle’s The Cosmetic of Athens [ 7 ]. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Submitting, 1972) Verse 1 . 79-85 [ 8 ]. Herodotus hints to this, although quickly says the facts are certainly not there pertaining to condemning [ on the lookout for ]. Kagan, 2003, The Peloponnesian Conflict, Published simply by Penguin Group (U. T. A. ) [ 10 ]. Lolos, A brief history of Athens from the 8th to the later fifth 100 years B. C., 2006, Publisher: Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Groundwork (U. T. A) [ 11 ].

Hegemon utilized by Thucydides to describe this relationship [ doze ]. Cartledge, The Spartans, 2003, Publisher: Vintage Books (U. T. A) [ 13 ]. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian Conflict, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Publishing, 1972) Verse 1 . 19 [ 18 ]. Fields, Thermopylae 480 B. C., 2007, Author: Osprey Creating (U. S. A) [ 12-15 ]. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian Battle, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Publishing, 1972) Verse 1 . 23 [ sixteen ]. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian Conflict, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Publishing, 1972) Verse 1 . 99 [ 18 ].

Cartledge, The Spartans, 2003, Author: Vintage Catalogs (U. H. A) pg. 181 [ 18 ]. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian Battle, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Publishing, 1972) Verse 1 ) 76 [ 19 ]. Kagan, 2003, The Peloponnesian Battle, Published by simply Penguin Group (U. T. A. ) [ 20 ]. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (London: Penguin Group Creating, 1972) Sentirse 1 . 39 [ 21 ]. I utilize term Athenian war, since it was the Athenians who eventually decided to participate in battle, because the Spartans were aiming to appease their very own allies and steer clear of war too.

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