Synopsis the world at the outset of the twentieth

Summary: The earth at the Beginning of the 20th Hundred years

Overview

The world in 1900 was dominated simply by European powers, the industrial revolution had above the proceeding century given Europeans (specifically European nations such as France and Great Britain) a technical advantage above the rest of the community which these kinds of nations used to develop huge global autorité under a program known as Imperialism. The past due 19th and early twentieth saw remarkable changes in many aspects of Western european life.

The size of European Culture and the Effects of Industrialization -Key features of this era included:

5. The bumpy distribution of wealth and power

* Imperialism and economic rivalries

* Nationalism and ethnic identity

* The decline of dynastic power

5. The class program and demands for alter

2. Slavery and worker exploitation

2. Emerging ideologies and their challenge to traditional structures 5. Diplomacy, out and out aggression and war as instruments of overseas policy Rich and Poor:

2. An individual’s ‘membership’ of the uppr, middle, or perhaps lower school reflected their particular economic part in world & their particular opportunities * Upper classes

5. Tended to obtain status based on family background wealth 2. Generally acquired ownership of extensive areas of property

2. Dominated Western european political life

* Enjoyed excessive status, respect and effect that did not necessarily reveal talent or perhaps ability 2. Access to luxuries and education

2. Middle classes

* Involved in the expansion and control over industries & commercial projects * As well those in professions such as law and medicine

* Prosperity + impact in world resulted via individual work more than relatives connections * Had access to similar education opportunities

* Searched for the same cultural and political influence since the upper course *

Mimicked the lifestyles with the upper class

* Lower classes

* Also known as the working category

2. Consisted of both equally urban and rural dwellers

2. Provided the labour for individuals who controlled a nation’s assets * Endured low pay and limited living conditions

* Everybody in a doing work class relatives struggled to get survival 2. Children required to contribute to their families income 5. Living conditions had been unsanitary + disease was common

* Been seen in by various other classes to be “lazy, dishonest, and undeserving * Experienced few educational opportunities

* Low wages produced the lower income cycle hard to break

Sociable Change:

* Obstacle to the traditional roles of women

* Women all over the place were second class people and were limited to few options * Seldom attained positions with status or spend that were available to men 5. The development of democracy in some European countries led to demands for woman suffrage 2. Demands intended for the political election and could increased engagement in the world of paid out work helped expand can certainly experiences + opportunities * This proven many women’s commitment to feminism 5. Rapid regarding two new classes

* Working school or proletariat

2. middle school or bourgeoisie

* Sectarianism

* The view outside the window that about religious belief has brilliance over other folks that are perceived as being second-rate to it * Christian’s religions had a centuries-old hatred towards Judaism peoples.

* Anti-Semitic = an attitude of prejudice against Jews

* Within Christian religions, rivalry and even hostility between Catholics and Protestants also provided evidence of sectarianism.

* L’Affaire Dreyfus case divided French society for many years and ultimately led to the separation of church and state in French politics and increased

secularisation in French society. * Power of autocracy slowly eroded

Industrialisation:

* By the end of the nineteenth century, western Europe had undergone an industrial revolution; changing the ways in which people worked. * In urban areas, factories replaced homes as places of production * Machinery replaced manual labour

* Work itself became more specialised

* Productivity became significantly greater and more efficient * Advanced military, medical, and communication technology * Industrial skills of the major European powers underpinned their success in imperial expansion. * Britain and Germany were Europe’s industrial giants

* the two nations competed for technological dominance and the economic and colonial power that could come from it * their industrial strength enabled them to impose their political, economic, social, cultural and religious influence throughout the world * Britain would eventually concede its dominance to Germany and the newly emerging industrial powers of the US and Japan * Stimulated technical innovation and encouraged the growth of advertisement * Countries that had no begun to industrialise or were making slow progress suffered from the changing balance of power that industrialisation created Urbanisation and Demographic Change:

* Urbanisation is the trend for people to leave their rural environments to live and work in cities and the growth and expansion of cities that occurred as a result * Industrialisation was a major catalyst for challenge and change ^ * The nineteenth century witnessed a massive growth in number, size and population densities od cities * Rapid growth of industrial cities and ports

* Cities without industry stagnated or declined

* European population grew 25% between 1870 and 1900 from 300million to 400million * Emigration from Europe to the United States rose rapidly Imperialism:

* Huge technological gap between industrial Europe and the rest of the world * Racism used to excuse exploitation (for example the scramble for Africa) * The stereotyping of people according to race, class or religion was commonly accepted * Those who benefited from such stereotyping seemed only ‘natural and right’ * Kipling’s ‘White Man’s Burden’ can be seen to display these racial stereotypes and European attitudes towards the acclaim for imperialism and supports the imperial endeavour of European nations * “White supremacy and a ‘duty’ to ‘civilise’ savage peoples and cultures * New imperialism

* Refers to the colonial expansion adopted by Europe’s powers and the US * The period is distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of overseas territorial acquisitions * Missionary activity increased dramatically

* Markets, raw materials and investment attracted imperialists as tariffs rose in Europe * Stimulated nationalism and imperial rivalry

Expanded Role Of Government:

* Industrialisation and growth of cities led to major problems * Governments were forced to intervene:

* Public health and housing

* Working conditions

* Education

* Public facilities >>>to improve the standards of living that had declined * Led to an increase in government power

* Parliamentary governments were developed

* Power retained by the aristocracy

* Socialism grew more slowly

Racism, Social Darwinism and Anti-Semitism

* Technological leadership and Darwinism (theory of evolution) led to increased racism in Europe * Darwin’s theory was based on the survival of the fittest * Social-Darwinists adapted this theory to suit their racist ideals * Race and Military strength were seen as ‘fitness’

* Rise of middle-class conservatives also linked to an increase of anti-Semitism in Europe: * France ” Dreyfus Case

* Germany ” Pan-German League

* Britain ” Upper/middle class attitudes

* Anti-Semitism used as a form of repression in Russia

Types of Government

Absolute Monarchy

* A monarchy that is not limited or restrained by laws or a constitution e.g. Tsarist Russia * A form of government where the monarch exercises ultimate governing authority as the head of state and head of the government Constitutional Monarchy

* Or Limited monarchy

* A monarchy in which the powers of the ruler are restricted to those granted under the constitution and laws of the nation * The power of the sovereign is restrained by a parliament, by law or by custom * Nations that passed from Absolute to constitutional in modern times include: * Great Britain

* Belgium

* Denmark

* The Netherlands

* Norway

* Spain

* Sweden

Republic

* a state in which supreme power rests in the body of citizens entitled to votes * is exercised by representative chosen directly or indirectly by them * head of state is not a monarch or other hereditary head of state Political Ideologies and Groups in the Early 1900’s

Reasons for development of new political ideologies:

* development of industry led to growth of cities + middle and working classes * new classes demanded political changes:

* Middle class:

Liberalism

* Working class:

Democracy

Trade unions

Socialism

Socialism

* Developed in the 19th century as a result of the industrial revolution * Based on enlightenment assumptions

* Is an economic system in between capitalism and communism, advocating collective ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods * A government owed a duty to its citizens

* Problems of society could be resolved

* Appealed to the working class and peasantry

Marxism

* The political and economic philosophy in which the concept of class struggle plays a central role in understanding society’s allegedly inevitable development from bourgeois oppression under capitalism to a socialist and ultimately classless society * inevitable violent revolution of workers

* overthrow of capitalist middle class

* establishment of dictatorship of the proletariat

* abolition of private property

* development of a ‘classless society’

Liberalism

* political philosophy of the middle classes

* based on:

* end of autocratic government

* extension of political power to the middle class

* freedom of the individual

* civil liberties

* elimination of aristocratic privilege

* careers open to individuals talent

* opposition to democracy, socialism and trade unionism

* Became an important political influence in 19th century Britain and US

Anarchism

* Radical form of socialism

* Belief in the abolition of all government and the organisation of a society on a voluntary , cooperative basis without a resource to force * Never very popular or powerful

* Based on these main ideas:

* People are all born good but are corrupted by corrupt society * All social instruments must be destroyed before a socialist system can be developed * Socialist society to be based on small co-operative units without the need for central government or bureaucracy Democracy

* Political development of the late 18th and 19th centuries * Based on:

* Political power shared by all citizens

* Votes for women not initially considered

* Citizens to vote for parliamentary reps

* Parliament was to be a legislative and responsible body * All votes are of equal value

* Equal electoral districts

* No property qualifications

* Secret ballot

* Payment of parliament members

* Political philosophy of democracy became powerful in Britain, western Europe and US * Supported by intellectuals of the middle class and many workers Background Causes of World War I

Nationalism:

* Nationalism is the strong belief that one’s nation is better than all others * EVERYONE WAS NATIONALIST in those days

* Made countries like Britain, France and Germany more bellicose (warlike) * People were enraged when someone insulted their country * for example: Franco-German war >loss off Alsace-Lorraine>French desire of revenge against Indonesia * Nationalism made events such as Romanians, Bulgarians and Serbs (ruled by Chicken and Austria) want to be free of charge. (pan-Slavism) 2. This generated rebellions and terrorism which destabilised the Balkans 2. Russia reinforced Slav nationalist because it wished to extend its influence in to the Balkans and sought reputation after their defeat in the Russo-Japanese Battle * Nationalism was essential to all Superb

Forces, creating an explosive force

Imperialism:

* Imperialism is the desire to build an empire intended for the benefit of the mother country * Countries believed that they can were outstanding and it was alright to conquer and rule other folks * Germany’s power was cantered in Europe and tied to the effectiveness of their armed service, they desired to obtain electric power and prestige but obtaining colonies to improve their ls power position to globe power * When the Kaiser decided that ‘he wanted some area too LARGE tensions arose * Western scramble for Africa caused powers to clash with one another as they tried to attain area Militarism:

5. Militarism is a control of govt and procedures by the armed forces, and a willingness to produce the armed forces and to consider a military answer for international relations complications * All the countries in Europe developed their armies and navies * together country elevated its soldires, all the other folks felt obliged to increase their own armed forces to hold the ‘balance of power’ * the Anglo-German Naval Race found Germany compete against The united kingdom to create the strongest militaristic power * role of military in Government making decisions increased Units:

* Alliances are treaties of camaraderie and support between countries who assurance to support the other person in the event of warfare or issue * Along with seeking security in the size of their armies the countries of European countries sought protection by developing alliances. 5. Countries of Europe thought that the cha?non system would act as a deterrent to war; the truth is it attached the countries together to ensure that, when 1 country attended war, others felt themselves obliged to follow along with. * These alliances elevated fear and suspicion amongst the countries outside the house them * France disliked Germany, both equally sought allies, German coverage was to separate France * Germany came up with the Dual Cha?non (1878) with Austria Hungary * This then started to be the Double Alliance when ever Italy joined in (1882) 2. To protect their self from Austria-Hungary and Germany, France created the Franco-Russian Alliance (1894) * In 1904 a great Entente Cordiale (friendly relationship) was authorized between The uk and Italy * Then Russia became a member of, thus forming the Triple

Entendimiento (1907) 2. Britain produced a nautico treaty with Japan (1902)

* The Triple Ensemble alarmed Indonesia, which experienced itself surrounded by the Franco-Russian Alliance

Entrée in The other agents:

* First Moroccan Crisis (1905-1906)

5. Kaiser of Germany compared French impact in Morocco. He went to Tangier and promised the Sultan of Morocco German born support * The Sultan rejected People from france intervention in Morocco

* This kind of enraged Italy

* A conference occured in 1906 where 12 nations achieved, all nations around the world except for Luxembourg Hungary had been against Philippines * Second Moroccan Problems (1911)

* Moroccan people rise up and digital rebel against pro-French Sultan 5. Germany sends in the gunboat “Panther to Morocco nevertheless soon withdraws her 2. Britain in support of France

Assassination at Sarajevo:

* Within the 28th of June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated 5. Was inheritor to the Austro-Hungarian throne

* Visited the capital of Bosnia

* Taken by Gavarilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb member of the Black Hands * Austria became infuriated

5. This began a sequence of events (collectively known as the This summer Crisis) that soon resulted in the break out of World War A single.

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