The joseph narrative essay

The Paul narrative can be obtained from the book of Genesis chapters 37-50. It is a little bit interrupted “by the story of Judah and Tamar (Gen. 38) through the so-called Blessing of Jacob (Gen. 49: 1-28)” (Skinner, 438). The story of Joseph is viewed as unique because it has different characteristics than its equivalent in Genesis. Other writings in Genesis seem to be brief, brief situations, about as well as tribal affairs. The Paul narrative, on the other hand, is prolonged in nature “comprising some 300 verses” (Barton & Muddiman, 60).

In fact , Joseph is “second only to Moses in the interest given to him in the Torah” (Spring & Shapiro, 260).

Some scholars consider the Joseph story to be an “originally self-employed literary structure, a kind of novella or short work of historical fiction…” that was integrated into Genesis later (Coogan, 69). Regardless of the origin from the narrative, the entertaining and well written story provides a good basis pertaining to literary evaluation. The story by itself uses the literary approach of chiasmus in various spots.

Foreshadowing also plays a prominent role. Aside from the use of these types of techniques, numerous themes happen to be established and carried through the narrative.

These themes are the use of dreams, and clothes to make the reader aware of specific points inside the plot. An important theme that is to be developed is the role of God throughout the story. Each one of these elements that can be pulled from the narrative will offer a further insight into the story of Joseph. To get a better understanding of the literary difficulty in the Paul narrative, it is crucial to look at a literary composition that is used within just it. This structure is referred to as chiasmus. Chiasmus is defined as the “repetition of ideas in inverted order” (Burton). Idea is used properly within the story.

“The uniqueness of the chiastic structure is based on its target upon a pivotal motif, about that this other s�lections of the literary unit are developed” (Ramey, “Literary Genius”). Although the chiastic structure is employed throughout the Joseph narrative, the subsequent example, found toward the start of the story (Gen. 37: 3-11), shows the detail and effectiveness of this structure. In the centre of the chiastic structure, in such a case, is the brother’s hatred toward Joseph (cfr. Ramey, “Literary Analysis”). In this way events prior to this hate, and the subsequent reoccurrence of the events inside the opposite buy.

This particular case in point starts with Jacob’s favoritism to get Joseph, then the brothers dislike of Joseph, and then their peace and quiet toward Joseph, followed by their very own reaction to the simple fact Joseph had a dream, accompanied by Joseph telling the fantasy, which leads towards the center in the structure: the brothers hate. These occasions then reoccur, but this time, within an opposite buy. Joseph tells his second dream, accompanied by Jacob’s a reaction to the fantasy, followed by Jacob’s talk with Joseph, followed by the brothers’ envy of Frederick, followed by John thinking thoroughly about the dream (cfr. Ramey, “Literary Analysis”).

Even though these incidents are not exactly the same, thez stick to the same suggestions, the same structure. This fictional device is a good tool pertaining to seeing the careful type of the Paul narrative, and exactly how that design conveys a single important meaning. From a literary point of view, another technique used in the Frederick narrative is the foreshadowing of events plus the repetition of similar set ups and topics. As far as foreshadowing, this is displayed most prominently through Joseph’s dreams. Replication is also used heavily, because evidenced recently in the malfunction of the chiastic structure.

It will take the form of varied themes such as continued make use of clothing and dreams. The elements of foreshadowing and repetition provide further insight into the literary evaluation of the Frederick narrative. Initial we will appear at the significance of dreams in the narrative via both a structural perspective and as a device for foreshadowing. It is important to find out that “In antiquity, dreams were regarded as signs via divine capabilities exposing their very own intent” (Plaut, 388). This kind of view toward dreams makes Joseph’s surprise very useful.

Throughout the producing we see that “Dreams perform an important part and tip at strange developments” inside the story (Plaut, 360). The dreams can be found in three distinct episodes, every episode includes two dreams. This is a single form of replication that is used for the dreams (cfr. Humphreys, 97). The first set of dreams occurs at the outset of the narrative. Joseph includes a dream and he goes to share it with his friends: “There we were binding sheaves in the field, when ever suddenly my sheaf stood up and remained erect; then your sheaves gathered about and bowed low to my sheaf” (Gen. 37: 7).

The brothers are incredibly disgusted with Joseph and in addition they see his dream as a purposeful try to mock these people and show his power over them (cfr. Levenson, 75). They already do not like him because he is the favourite son, but they hate him even more after his desire. The second desire which occurs within this event is similar to the first. This time around Joseph details the sun, celestial body overhead, and 11 stars bowing down to him. Joseph’s siblings and dad take exclusion to his dream. Coming from a foreshadowing perspective, the first set of dreams has striking similarities to what will happen after in the narrative.

In the initially dream, Joseph talks about harvesting grain and exactly how the brother’s sheaves bowed down to his sheaf. When we analyze this kind of dream we come across that it appears like very closely what happens later in the narrative regarding the famine. A famine gets control the land; this is represented by the wheat in Joseph’s initial fantasy. Furthermore, the brother’s sheaves bow to Joseph’s sheaf which symbolizes when Frederick is the god of Egypt and the friends come ribbon and bow down to him for nutrients (cfr. Levenson, 75). This kind of development later in the account proves that Joseph has a special god-given power to anticipate the future through dreams.

The brothers must feel silly for doubting Joseph. The second dream in which the sun, celestial satellite, and celebrities bow to him retains some predictive power as well. When the starvation strikes, it truly is described as taking over the world: “The famine, however , spread over depends upon. So every one of the world reached Joseph in Egypt to procure rations…” (Gen. 41: 56-57). This appears to coincide for least partially with the declare that the sun, celestial satellite, and actors bowed to him. Additionally , Joseph’s father initially was very disappointed with his son’s second desire saying, “What is this desire you have dreamed?

Are all of us to arrive, I as well as your mother and your brothers, and bow low to you towards the ground? ” (Gen. thirty seven: 10). Even though the father can be upset at the moment, this seems to come true to a extent. John ends up going his whole family to Goshen in Egypt exactly where they can make it through the famine through the food provided by Frederick. The second set of dreams occurs when Frederick is in penitentiary with the cupbearer and the baker of the California king of Egypt. They equally had a fantasy on the same evening and had been frustrated that they can could not find out the meaning. Joseph saw that they were upset and decided to interpret the dreams to them.

The cupbearer told his dream to Frederick saying, “In my dream, there was a vine before me. For the vine were three twigs. It had scarcely budded, once out emerged its blossoms and its groupings ripened into grapes. Pharaoh’s cup was in my hand, and I took the grapes, constrained them in Pharaoh’s glass, and put the glass in Pharaoh’s hand. ” (Gen. forty five: 9-11). Joseph’s interpretation is usually that the three limbs represent the cupbearer’s launch from prison in three days. He may then resume serving the Pharaoh. Finding this advantageous interpretation the baker quickly shares his dream with Joseph.

“In my wish, similarly, there are three openwork baskets on my head. In the uppermost container were all types of food intended for Pharaoh that the baker works on; and the wild birds were consuming it out in the basket above my head. ” (Gen. 40: 16-17). Frederick interprets this as which means the baker will be impaled in 3 days and the birds will pick at his skin. When the third day happens, Joseph is usually again correct with his desire interpretation. The cupbearer is definitely returned to his role and the baker is murdered. This is one other example of foreshadowing. An interesting a part of this set of dreams may be the baker’s make an effort to design his dream that way of the cupbearer’s.

The baker believes that if this individual structures it the same as the cupbearer he too will be able to acquire released in three days. The particular baker will not understand is that Joseph pulls his interpretations through The almighty (cfr. Levenson, 80). This really pushes home the idea that Paul is not simply interpreting dreams, but that under The lord’s will, these types of dreams will be coming true. Conceptually, the two dreams mirror each other with their reference to three days and Pharaoh’s decision for the third day time. This looked like there was the case with the first set of dreams as well. Both were based on Joseph’s superior electric power.

There is also a mention of food once again. This time the baker can be carrying the meals and he’s killed. This might be another reference to the famine that is to come. The third and last set of dreams involves Pharaoh himself. The same as previously, you will discover two dreams for Paul to interpret. Pharaoh dreams that he can standing by the Nile Lake when eight strong and healthy cows emerge. These types of cows will be then eaten by several weak and ugly bovine. Pharaoh’s second dream is very similar in structure for the first. This individual dreams that seven ears of healthy grain develop but then are swallowed up by several more ears of weak grain.

Joseph is brought out of penitentiary in order to translate for Pharaoh. Joseph shows him that his dreams mean the same thing. The seven healthful cows plus the seven healthy and balanced ears of grain represent seven numerous years of plentiful food. The several ugly bovine and the eight dried up hearing of materials represent several years of famine that will the actual plentiful period. Joseph in that case recommends for the Pharaoh that during the several years of plethora they shop food in order that it will be available when the famine strikes. It is this very suggestion that gains Joseph the title of second-in-command to Pharaoh.

Of course , just as Joseph anticipates, there are eight years of plethora followed by seven years of starvation. The series of dreams shown throughout the Joseph narrative are used as a literary tool to foreshadow what to you suppose will happen in the future. Every single group of dreams carries a crucial part in the overall plan of the tale. The framework of the dreams is well thought out. Each dream is matched within a pair based on similarities. You can also get similarities among pairs. For example , each pair mentions meals which may forecast the final famine (cfr. Levenson, 75). Also, each comes the case just as Frederick has mentioned it will.

Since discussed, dreams are not simply a foreshadowing system; they are also used in a repeated literary way to further the story of Frederick. Dreams, however , are not the sole repetition in the Joseph story. There is also a repetition in the make use of clothing in order to mark significant events in the story (cfr. Humphreys, 96). The importance of clothing is made obvious through the very beginning. It really is clear that Joseph is definitely Jacob’s beloved son. This really is represented through clothing: “Now Israel loved Joseph additionally his sons, for he was the child of his old age; and he had made him an ornamented tunic” (Gen.

37: 3). Later on, the brothers expand angry with Joseph as a result of his position as the favourite son. They sell him in to slavery, and once again this event is definitely marked by using clothing. The boys consider Joseph’s robe and discolor it with blood to create Jacob think that Joseph is definitely dead. The repetition of the use of clothing continues on numerous events. For example , even if Pharaoh phone calls Joseph away of prison to translate his dreams, the author mentions that Joseph “had his hair cut and changed his clothes” before appearing prior to Pharaoh (Gen. 41: 14).

Perhaps one of the most significant instances of the author’s usage of clothing is once Joseph turns into second-in-command to Pharaoh in the land of Egypt. The passage is really as follows: “And removing his signet engagement ring from his hand, Pharaoh put it on Joseph’s hand; and he had him dressed in attire of excellent linen, and put a rare metal chain about his neck” (Gen. 41: 42). Here the clothing acts as another benchmark in the history and this symbolizes Joseph’s rise to power. A final example of the usage of clothing in the narrative is one of paradox. It happens after Paul has exposed himself to his siblings as the lord of Egypt.

He tells the friends to go to Canaan and bring Jacob and everything his relatives back to Egypt with all of them. This will ensure that everybody will be safe from the famine. As Joseph sends the brothers issues way, this individual gives all of them a change of clothing. This is ironic since, previously, Paul was the one particular being removed of his tunic by the brothers. Within a reversal of roles, Paul has the power and he is the one particular distributing the clothing (cfr. Coogan, 70). This can be a refined literary aspect, but it really helps bring the story to life. When ever reading the Joseph story, the concept of the God’s participation seems to set up itself as the most important.

This may not be surprising since, after all, the Joseph narrative is included in the book of Genesis and therefore provides great religious significance. Ahead of developing this theme, learning the documentary hypothesis can help classify the story of Joseph and make it easier to interpret. The documented hypothesis provided by Julius Wellhausen, a German mentor, is used to differentiate between different types of articles or documents in the Pentateuch. It separates the Pentateuch into several sources: the Yahwist, Elohist, Deuteronomic, and Priestly (cfr.

Coogan, 42). The Joseph narrative is regarded as by many as the result of the Elohist origin. This supply is known due to its use of the divine name “God” (elohim). The Elohist source reveals God because someone that is present but basically watches over day to day affairs. God does not interact directly with human beings in this supply. Instead, God reveals himself “indirectly through dreams, divine messengers, and prophets” (Coogan, 44). In the Joseph story, the main character, Joseph, has the capacity to interpret dreams. He appreciates this being a gift coming from God.

This is a perfect sort of the Elohist source since God is usually making him self known through dreams. The Elohist resource is also praised for being used in writings that mention the northern kingdom of Israel. In the Frederick narrative there is mention of “Shechem, the initial capital with the northern empire of Israel” (Coogan, 63). In Genesis 37: 13 Joseph is usually sent simply by his daddy Jacob to Shechem to evaluate his brothers who were monitoring Jacob’s go. The characteristics with the Elohist resource that are present in the Frederick narrative provide a good starting point intended for analyzing the narrative on the more detailed level.

Throughout the Frederick narrative you will discover examples of The lord’s presence for Joseph. Part of this marriage with Our god is displayed by the author’s wording inside the narrative, and part is shown through the actual events that take place in the story. Through Joseph, The almighty could make himself known. Frederick acted since an agent of God. This really is contrasted in the narrative by fact that Joseph’s brothers appeared to have tiny awareness of The lord’s presence and how he affected their success. The author shows Joseph while someone who is usually consistently faithful to The almighty.

On the other hand, Joseph’s brothers are portrayed because ignorant to the way of Our god. The narrative seems to be a way to open the brother’s eye to a better understanding of their faith. That reinforces the truth that God has an effect on their every day lives. Inside the following illustrations, the author shows God’s part in Joseph’s life vs that of his brothers. Specifically, the degree where the characters esteem God’s common sense, the recommendation of God in day to day activities, and the character’s successes and failures in relation to God. Joseph shows his respect pertaining to God’s judgment on several occasions.

Once in Egypt, Joseph is bought by simply Potiphar, a courtier of Pharaoh and it is allowed to stay in his home. Potiphar’s partner continually seduces Joseph to rest with her. Joseph recognizes God’s wisdom when he says: “How in that case could I accomplish this most incredible thing, and sin before God? ” (Gen. 39: 9). Joseph does not simply state that sleeping with Potiphar’s wife would be immoral; he holds concern for what Goodness would believe. Another case in point occurs the moment Joseph meets with his siblings in Egypt for the first time. He pretends this individual does not know them and treats all of them as spies.

Joseph gives the brothers an order to go back to Egypt with their youngest close friend, Benjamin, in order to prove they are really truthful people. He proclaims, “Do this and you shall live, pertaining to I was a God-fearing man” (Gen. 42: 18). In contrast, once Joseph’s friends become envious and conspire to get rid of Joseph, they ask not how The almighty will evaluate them, but instead how they can enjoy the act. Specifically, Judah reasons with his brothers, “What do we gain simply by killing the brother and covering up his blood? Come, we will sell him to the Ishmaelites…” (Gen. thirty seven: 26-27).

Even though deciding to trade their sibling into captivity would not be regarded as an work of attention, it is certainly a lot better than murder. The brother’s decision seems to be made based on what benefits these people the most and there is no mention whatsoever of wanting to fulfill God or fearing The lord’s judgment. Through Joseph’s actions in the narrative we can see his faith in God and exactly how God has an affect in the behavior. For instance, Joseph attributes his capacity to interpret dreams as the job of The almighty. When Paul is locked up with two of Pharaoh’s maids, the cupbearer and the baker, he gives assistance in interpreting all their dreams.

Instead of taking credit for the ability to understand the dreams’ concealed messages, Frederick makes crystal clear that the electrical power is not really human, but divine, “Surely God may interpret! Show me your dreams” (Gen. forty five: 8). Although he could easily take the credit to get his understanding, Joseph rather views him self as a automobile for God’s will. Likewise, Pharaoh understands of Joseph’s ability and asks him to interpret a dream that his magicians could not. Joseph agrees nevertheless states, “Not I! The almighty will see to Pharaoh’s welfare” (Gen. forty one: 16). Paul goes on to understand the dream, but it is simple to see that Joseph is usually putting Our god before him.

Pharaoh has the capacity to recognize the workings with the divine within just Joseph when he exclaims, “Could we find an additional like him, a man in whom may be the spirit of God? As God has made all this proven to you, there is non-e and so discerning and wise since you” (Gen. 41: 38-39). Pharaoh uses a liking to Joseph as he sees that the spirit of God is within him. When Joseph as well as the Pharaoh consistently identify God, the brothers don’t appear to accept him. When ever Joseph has a dream that he will secret over his brothers they turn to be annoyed with him (Gen. 37: 8).

Instead of respecting his thoughts, the siblings mock Joseph as the “dreamer” and make plans to get rid of him (Gen. thirty seven: 19). Later in the narrative when the friends do make the acknowledgement that God can be disciplining these people for their before treatment of Joseph (Gen 42: 21); the emphasis can be on the abuse being instilled by Paul. They do not research any concern over the program or benefits of God. Furthermore, in addition to Joseph’s perception that his own activities are the ones from God, chinese of the author reflects the concept God is by Joseph’s side.

In particular, the narrator discloses God’s occurrence in Joseph’s life through his a large number of hardships. For example , when Paul is sold to Potiphar, “The Lord was with Joseph” (Gen. 39: 2), and again when Joseph is imprisoned, “The Lord was with him” (Gen. 28: 33). In this way, the author demonstrates that although Joseph is enduring adversity, Goodness is still in the presence. While God stands by Joseph’s side, the narrator excludes similar vocabulary when explaining the friends. For example , the narrator does not mention wherever God is usually when the famine causes Joseph’s family to travel hungry.

As seen, the brothers tend not to seem to live under the judgment of Our god or give God credit rating for the happenings into their lives. Right here, in times of hardship they are not really helped by simply God neither do that they ask for The lord’s help. They go to Paul in Egypt (although they can be not aware that it can be Joseph at the time) to keep from hungry. Interestingly, while the supplier of nourishment, this is just one more way in which Paul is a representative of The almighty. Another comparison between Paul and his friends can be found in their respective success and failures. The author features Joseph’s successes to The lord’s presence in the life.

“The Lord was with Joseph and he was a successful man” (Genesis 39: 2). Paul does experience tough times, nevertheless he usually seems to rise above them. Joseph’s hard times commence when he is sold into captivity. He quickly overcomes this as his master, Potiphar, makes him the head of household. This occurred since his expert “saw which the LORD was with him and that the LORD lent achievement to everything he undertook” (Gen. 39: 3). Joseph’s suffering proceeds as he can be accused of rape and put in prison. Nevertheless, by way of God’s existence, Joseph again earns responsibility and is put in charge of prison tasks.

Joseph’s most crucial achievement can be when he turns into “lord of Egypt, ” second-in-command simply to Pharaoh, and distributes foodstuff to keep the earth from malnourishment (Gen. forty five: 9). Contrary to their buddy, Joseph’s brothers and sisters seem to be laid low with misfortune. As stated before, they will experience crisis during the starvation and have to resort to Joseph for foodstuff. They also knowledge difficulty in gratifying their daddy Jacob. When Jacob demands his sons to go receive food, they come back together with the food, but they also come back with numerous challenges.

They find that the money these people were to use to get the food have been returned with their sacks, making them look like thieves. They also have unfortunate thing to share with Jacob in regards to Dernier-n�. Joseph requirements for Dernier-n� to have the brothers on the up coming journey. John is very upset because he anxieties that some thing will happen to Benjamin, his most prized son. Jacob believes that his aged favorite boy, Joseph, is usually dead and for that reason regards Dernier-n� highly. The between the success of Joseph and the failing of the siblings is God’s presence.

Whereas Joseph may trust The lord’s plan to prevail and give goal to his life, the brothers are not yet aware about God’s part. The theme of Joseph’s know-how versus the ignorance of the friends ties each of the previously mentioned elements together. Hence the ultimate motif becomes a chance to see The almighty versus blindness to his presence (cfr. Humphreys, 109). Although author threads this topic throughout the complete narrative, this individual does not reveal the key towards the puzzle until the end. We see the action of The almighty in and through Joseph’s character and the lack of keen

recognition from the characters of the brothers. Yet , through the last three views, the narrator reveals the value of The lord’s role in the Joseph account. In these displays: Judah makes a plea on behalf of the friends to keep Benjamin from captivity, Joseph reveals his authentic identity, and Jacob’s fatality reveals the brother’s continued doubt that Joseph offers forgiven these people. In the initial scene, Judah begs Frederick to have whim on Benjamin, who is being accused of stealing Pharaoh’s silver cup. In reality, Joseph placed the goblet in his bag being a test (cfr. Levenson, 88).

Judah says, “Please my personal lord, allow your servant charm to my lord, , nor be intolerant with your stalwart, you who have are the similar of Pharaoh” (Gen. forty-four: 18). Judah has a great deal at stake as a result of his assure to his father that he would bring Benjamin back again: “I personally will be surety for him; you may hold me responsible: if I usually do not bring him back to you and place him ahead of you, We shall stand guilty ahead of you forever” (Gen. 43: 9). Judah tells Joseph the story of Jacob’s unwillingness to spend his youngest son. This individual notes that enslaving Dernier-n� would certainly trigger the death of his father as a result of grief.

Not known to all of them, the brothers are place in an interesting situation as they make an effort to satisfy their very own father and their brother. They may be not aware that Joseph is acting through God to reconcile all their sins and bring the family to unanimity. In the close of his speech, Judah asks to stay in place of Dernier-n�: “Therefore, please let your servant remain being a slave to my head of the family instead of the boy, and let the youngster go back along with his brothers” (Gen. 44: 33). This shows that maybe the brothers have learned their lesson which has been what Frederick had intended all along.

Joseph gets emotional with all the situation and reveals his true identification. Joseph not simply reveals that he is even now alive, although he also opens his brother’s eyes to the fact that Our god has been working through him. “Now do not be affected or reproach yourselves mainly because you distributed me hither; it was to save life that God sent me prior to you. It is currently two years that there has been famine in the property, and there are continue to five years into the future in which right now there shall be not any yield from tilling. Goodness has delivered me before you to make sure your your survival on earth, also to save your lives in extraordinary deliverance.

So it was not you who sent me personally here, although God; and He has turned me a father to Pharaoh, lord of most his home, and leader over the whole land of Egypt. ” (Gen. 45: 5-8) Joseph makes crystal clear that The almighty is the acting professional: “God directed me, ” “God has made me” (Gen. 45: 7-8). Rather than the brothers being responsible for Joseph’s hardship, he helps it be clear that God deserves the responsibility to get the activities that now lead to family unanimity and your survival, not fatality. The idea that God has a purpose for exactly what happens is usually brought to the forefront.

“Finally the brothers come to know what Joseph and the target audience know, and all come to find out through Joseph’s recognition the tug and pull of the family’s history must be understood within a larger divine design and style, and the style is one that seeks aid life” (Humphreys, 125). Thinking about God’s occurrence in the narrative is continued in the final picture. When Jacob dies, the brothers fear that Joseph’s compassion can be untrue and he will nonetheless seek revenge upon all of them: “What in the event Joseph still bears a grudge against us and pays us back in complete for all the wrong that we do to him?

” (Gen. 50: 15). They bend down in front of Joseph and say that they can be prepared to end up being Joseph’s slaves. Joseph starts to cry and once again reiterates it is not himself, but Goodness, who is the master with their fate: “Do not be afraid! Am I on the God? Even if you intended to do harm to myself, God intended it permanently, in order to preserve a numerous persons, as he has been doing today. So have no fear; I personally will provide for you and your little ones” (Gen. 50: 19-21). As a whole, these types of final views help bring to a close the role of God’s engagement in the narrative.

This is proven through the different themes of knowledge and ignorance by Frederick and his brothers respectively. Frederick has God with him and is aware about God, while the brothers shortage this understanding. In the end, the brothers are produced aware of the more involvement within their lives referred to as God. The Joseph narrative within Genesis is certainly one of great importance. It sets apart itself from other Genesis readings because of its duration and quality. The quality of the writing can make it a great program for fictional analysis.

The chiasmus fictional structure was employed so as to see the details in the producing and how continuing ideas were used. Common literary products were also used including foreshadowing and continual themes. The themes included the use of dreams, clothing, as well as the final overlying theme of The lord’s involvement. This theme was looked at throughout the eyes of Joseph and after that his friends. Thanks to Joseph, the siblings, who have reached first window blind to The almighty, seem to figure out God’s engagement in their lives by the end of the narrative. Recommendations Barton, Steve, and Ruben Muddiman.

“The Story of Joseph. ” The Oxford Bible Discourse. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Burton, Gideon U. “Chiasmus. ” Silva Rhetoricae. Brigham Youthful University, twenty-two Nov 2009.. Coogan, Jordan. A Brief Introduction to the Old Legs. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Humphreys, W. Shelter. Joseph and his Family: A Literary Study. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1988. Levenson, Jon G. “Genesis. ” The Judaism Study Scriptures. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Plaut, W. Gunther. The Torah: A Modern Commentary.

Vol. 1 . New York: Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1974. 361-481. Ramey, William Deb. “Literary Research of Genesis 37: 2b-11. ” At the start. July 97. 22 November 2009.. Ramey, William D. “The Literary Genius of the Joseph Narrative. ” At first. 22 November 2009.. Skinner, John. A crucial and Exegetical Commentary about Genesis. subsequent ed. Ny: T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1969. 438-540. Planting season, Chaim, and Jay Shapiro. “The Enigma of the Frederick Narrative. ” Jewish Holy book Quarterly thirty five. 4 (2007): 260-68. EBSCO Host. twenty-two Nov. 2009..

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