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language

Part of Language and Program in Elevating the Spiritual Revivalism in Colonial Punjab aYESHA TABBASUM The language played the significant role in the creation of identities among the key communities in pr-parathion India. The Urdu language experienced developed being a common language among all the communities and was, in the absence of a common religion the North-western Zone and various part other parts of the subcontinent. I.

They would. Qureshi, Great the Pakistan, (BCC& Press Karachi, university or college of karachi2006) 807.

Vocabulary Controversy among Urdu and Hindi Even though it was religion which was the important thing defining characteristic of Muslim identity, the Urdu language was a significant symbol. For Hindus, aside from the spiritual communities, the symbol of religion had to be played down to avoid alienating various other major religious communities. Yet , despite linguistic pluralism, the Hindi vocabulary remained an important symbol inside the construction with the Hindu identity for the Hindu community.

Tariq Rahman, language and politics in Pakistan, (Karachi, oxford college or university press 1996) 60 As with colonial Punjab Hindu patshalas, which educated mantras and basic understanding of the shastras, Muslims Quran schools, and Sikhs language schools which educated the holy text of Sikhism, the Granth, as well as the Gurumukhi Software of the Punjabi language utilized by Sikhs. The stand examine spoken terminology of north India in the British period was labeled interchangeably as Urdu, Hindi.

Paul Brass, language, religious beliefs and national politics in north India (Cambridge: Cambridge school press, 1974), 129 But its was written in different screenplay: as Urdu was written in Local script while Hindu community used it in Hindi pertaining to general connection purposes was generally crafted in Devanagri, also known as Nagri. as Urdu was incorporated various Persia and Persian words although Hindi came on Sanskrit was reported by Indio nationalists as “proof that Islam was foreign faith in India and there language should be the language of country.

Vickie Langhor, Colonial time education system and pass on of local religious movements, the circumstances of English Egypt and Punjab, (Cambridge university press, 2005) 174 But it was your fact that Urdu language being utilized by Hindu community of north American indian. Till 1931 many Indio in colonial time Punjab were literate in Urdu rather than Hindi language. Before the rupture of India, during the impérialiste Punjab Terminology and software become the major source of department among the key communities of as Hindus “Muslims and Sikhs.

Since the beginning of the 11th 100 years Northern India was continued to be under the Muslim rulers. During different intervals different Muslims rulers dominated at diverse times and various dynasties talked diverse different languages as Afghans spoke Pushtu and Turks Turki plus the Mughals talked the Persian, Sikhs in the Punjab A Study of Confrontation and politics mobilization, Dr Sarfraz Khawaja, (Islamabad, Pakistan: modern publication dept, 1985) 41 When it was the fact that in the amount of the later Mughals, Urdu and Persian both ‘languages’ were the court languages.

When English succeeded the subcontinent they continued precisely the same languages while the court languages. Shan Muhammad, the growth of Muslim politics in india1900-1919 (New Delhi, shish publishing property, 1991) thirty five. These dialects were recognized, also talked at large size, but local people languages were spoke by the native areas as Hindi, Punjabi Pahari Hindustani. In which Urdu and Hindi both equally languages were the mixture of native and foreign ‘languages’ Two factors of one coin Hindi Urdu, or Urdu Hindi

While Hindi and Urdu had been two brands of one terminology script identify between them it called Urdu when it written in perso-Arabic script (both languages had been associated with Muslim community) then when written inside the Nagari script (associated with Hindu community), there were some lexical and phrasal variations. Yet the two names for just one language had been frequently used for the similar language and its literature segmented into parts largely on the basis of script and religions. S i9000.

Settar, Indira BaptistaGupta, Pangs of partition vol?, (new Delhi: Manohar publisher, 2002. ) thirty four. Punjabi Indio community used Urdu terminology as chinese of commerce, journalism and administration. Urdu language was also the major language of literary appearance not only in Muslim community in Hindu community as well in British Punjab while Punjabi was the voiced language. Atamjit Singh, The languages divide in Punjab South Cookware Graduate Analysis Journal, 9Achadmic of the Punjab new America) Volume 5, No ., spring 1997 Colonial government language policy in Bihar and its after effects Urdu was mixture of Persian, Persia and Hindi Punjabi. While this used language rapidly become to be written in the Persian and Arabic different languages language. Urdu gained the as official language position after the abolishment of the Local language in several provinces in the northern India so at 1842 master Lawrence verified that “the use of this kind of language (Urdu) is swiftly spreading of most the positions and is becoming a lingua Franca Abid41

Until the 2nd half of the 9th 100 years Urdu not only became a dominate vocabulary but also symbol of Muslim influence and electricity But In 1837 Persian vocabulary had been substituted by Indian vernaculars and Urdu was introduced since the vernacular of ‘the vast tract of region known as Hindustani language, not only in Bihar and NWP and portions of central too, However Authorities did not desire personalized Urdu to be utilized as the vernacular. A great order of 19 The spring 1839 declared:

The pleading and proceedings be recorded in lucid intelligible Oordoo, and that the residents ministerial officers¦ do not only alternate a hindoostanee for the Persian verb at the end of sentence¦ Tariq Rahman, language and governmental policies in Pakistan, (Karachi, oxford university press 1996) 62 As numerous colonial officials discourage repeatedly Urdu language they were in the favor to accepting Hindi because the vernacular language in the Hindustani peoples’. The representative of public instruction stated in his record: Indo-Persian of the courts has no raisond’etre except as being a remnan and reminiscence of mahomedan sovereignty Abid 62.

In 1872 sir Mountainous Cambell, Lieutenant Governor of Bihar, permitted order in which Urdu substituted by Hindi language in the courts with the province and this order was strictly made in 1880 by Sir Ashley Eden. Abid sixty two. As Hindi language was not pure a single language however the blend of the many natives’ dialects of north India in its widest perspective it could be believed that Hindi language voiced in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and the Colonial time Punjab. Dr Sarfraz Khawaga, Sikhs of the Punjab A report of confrontation and political mobilization, (Islamabad: Modern book depot, 1985. 43. Since Hindi vocabulary had written in Nagari or Devengri program. The Nagri or Devangri alphabet came from sometime in the 11th century AD. at first developed to write down Sanskrit this later modified to write with several other ‘languages’. The brand Devangri consists of two Sanskrit words: Deva, which means the almighty, Brahman or celestiai and nagari, meaning city. The name is usually variously converted as ‘script of the city’, ‘heavenly/sacred screenplay of the city’ or [script of the] city of the god or priests’.

Therefore for Hindu community Hindi language purged of all Persian and Arabic accretion which usually served to remind them of Muslim community ascendancy, While Devanagri screenplay had a spiritual importance pertaining to Hindu community since it was the character which usually Brahmans employed and in which usually Sanskrit catalogs were crafted. So because of the religious affiliation Hindu community insist to colonial government in various zone that Urdu written in Persian software must be substituted by the Indio with its Devanagari script.

To fulfill their demand they shown the reason that: (Urdu dialect was an amalgam of Persian and Arabic different languages -and this -and it was forced upon us simply by our ex – rulers¦but it absolutely was by no means acknowledged by the individuals at large¦no Hindu gentlemen would at any time condescend to educate his feminine in Urdu language and Local because the literature written in these different languages are usually obscene. Report by north european province and qudh comarcal committee of education commission, (1884), 490. quated simply by Dr Sarfaz Khawaja op. cit, 72.

Pro Hindi “script activities of Hindu community and Muslim response Pro Hindi agitation visited from Bihar to the various other provinces as a result of two main reasons as: first when United kingdom replaced the Urdu vocabulary with Hindi language this kind of decision provide the courage to the Hindu community due to this decision later Bengali Hindu community started protest in Bengal. Secondly proper Fateh chand established committees to press for Hindi language. Pro-Hindi movement quickly spread in Indio community of the north impérialiste Indian.

In that case pro Hindi agitation went from Bihar, Bengal to other provinces such as NWFP. There was quashed manifestation occurred: a failure to introduce Devanagari in the colonial Punjab and NWFP. Jaswant Singh, Jinnah India-partition-independence (New Delhi: Laku publisher, 2009. ) 41 Muslim effect towards Urdu Hindi controversy in colonial time Punjab Observance of Hindi language started to be a cause for grievance among major spiritual communities because Hindus and Muslims in numerous parts of indo-Pak Subcontinent. In colonial Punjab arose to get the very first time in the year of 1882.

Paul L. Brass, Language, Religion and Politics in North India (London: Cambridge university press, 1974), 287 The demand of substitute of Hindi language in davanagri script to get Urdu in Persian screenplay in colonial Punjab by simply urban Hindu community was not only cause the Indio , Muslim communal issue. But pro-Hindi campaign, Devanagri script contact form Punjabi Indio community and protective activities of Punjabi Muslim community intended for Urdu dialect was pushed the both equally religious neighborhoods to protect and promote interest of their own residential areas.

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