What is hacktivism sample article

Hacktivism may be the merger of hacking and activism, political relations and engineering. Specifically. hacktivism is definitely described as cracking for a politics cause. In this context. the definition of hacker is utilized in talk about to the original relevance. As described in the Fresh Hacker’s Dictionary. a hacker is “a individual who likes researching the interior informations of programmable systems and how to expand their capabilities and one who is capable of “creatively get the better ofing or besieging limitations. ( 1 ) Activism is defined as “a plan of taking direct and hawkish actions to accomplish a political or societal goal. ( 2 ) For that reason. a clinical definition of hacktivism is: Hacktivism: a policy of choping. phreaking or making engineering to achieve a political or social end. ( 3 ) However. both choping and activism. and therefore hacktivism. happen to be laden terms ripe for a assortment of studying. Therefore it is preferred non to clinically designate hacktivism although instead to depict the spirit of hacktivism. Hacktivism is main. It is the usage of one’s communautaire or one inventiveness to besiege limitations. to chop cagey solutions to complicated jobs utilizing computing machine and Net engineering. Hacktivism is a continually germinating and unfastened process, its tactics and methodological analysis will be non inactive. In this sense no 1 owns hacktivism ” it has no prophesier. no Gospel and no canonised literature.

Hacktivism is a rhizomic. open-source phenomenon. In the Beginning¦ Since hacktivism is a recombinant enterprise composed of two divergent communities ( hackers and militants ) it is necessary to understand their many backgrounds in order to analyse this kind of historic amalgamation and to analyze its challenges and future capablenesss. “Hacker was actually a term that encapsulated an individual’s deep apprehension of computing equipment systems and webs as well as the ability to contrive. modify. and polish these kinds of systems. This can be a recombinant frame of mind that helps bring about job image resolution and originative inherent aptitude for it will non limit one’s choices to the likely. Choping grows in an environment in which information is widely accessible.

The hacker ethic formulated simply by Steven Garnishment in his 1984 book “Hackers: Heros in the Computer Revolution outlines the hacker dogmas: 1 . Entree to calculating machines needs to be unlimited and whole. 2 . Information should be cost-free. 3. Doubtfulness authorization ” promote decentalisation. 4. Hackers should be evaluated by their hacking non imitation standards just like grades. era. race. or place. 5. You make art and beauty on a computing equipment. 6. Pcs can alter your daily life for the better. ( 4 ) The GNU/Linux operating system started out this hacker ethic. As fellow cyber criminals from the ÜBER AI lab were attracted into business ventures Rich Stallman became progressively worried about the rot of the hacker community plus the increasing control being applied over exclusive codification. Stallman decided to produce a free

main system modeled following your proprietary UNIX system. ( 5 ) Linus Torvalds began creation on a meat and introduced the initial beginning codification intended for his various meats. named Linux. ( six ) Collectively the work of Stallman and Linus make up the GNU/Linux operating system. This package is produced under the General Public License ( GPL ). which is noted every bit “copyleft as opposed to proper of 1st publication. The GPL allows users to change and replicate the package every bit lengthy as they associated with beginning freely available to other folks. ( 7 ) There is now a vibrant planetary. unfastened starting community that thrives based upon the free flow. and sharing of information. Hackers hate censoring. Censoring is frequently seen as an human rights misdemeanor. particularly when it is put together with a repressive. regulating federal government. In accessory. hackers feeling restrictive arrêté law that encroaches about free entree to details and cherished electronic comfort. Thus an all natural antipathy to repressive authoritiess and deceptive. private organizations has developed.

In Phrack magazine. Dr . Crash explains that computing machine engineering has been misused no by online hackers but simply by authoritiess and corporations: The great device intended to enrich life has become a arm which dehumanizes people. To the authorities and big concerns. people are no more than dvd infinite. and the authorities doesn’t usage processing machines to build assistance for the hapless. but to order atomic decease arms. ( 8 ) This belief is no an stray harangue. There is decidedly an inclination within hacker civilization that non only focuses on skillful facets of establishing but politics facets just good. Inside the “Hacker’s Manifesto the ment0r explains: We make usage of a service already bing without paying for what could be dirt-cheap if this wasn’t run by profiteering gourmands. therefore you call us felons. We explore¦ and you call us felons. We all seek after knowledge¦ and you simply call us felons. We exist without tegument colour. without nationality. with no spiritual bias¦ and you give us a call felons. You build atomic bombs. you pay wars. you homicide. darnel. and lie to us and seek to carry out us imagine it’s intended for our ain good. yet we’re the felons. ( 9 )

There is a great hostility between government/corporate restrictions and dominance, superiority of computing machine architectural and cyber-terrorist who want to guarantee free durchgang to details. to besiege censoring. also to forestall monopoly control of executive. Militants acknowledged the benefits of incorporating activism and computer/Internet engineering comparatively rapidly. The new unfastened architecture architectural of the Net played a complementary and good function that match absolutely with bing. decentralized. activist chain. In fact. computerized activism was already taking topographic point ahead of the birth of the WWWeb. Stephan Wray records that the innovative activity of PeaceNet. a text-based newsgroup services. in 1986 allowed “political partisan to pass in with one another across international boundary lines with comparative easiness and velocity.  ( 10 ) This has allowed militants with small or no proficient successes to use some great benefits of digital sales and marketing communications. The Internet provides for the convergence of conferences. arguments. and research in a single convenient and fast channel that tremendously enhances no merely activists’ organisational capablenesss but apart from the ability of militants as a solution to a invariably altering universe in a on time mode.

To be able to educate the populace and promote causes and runs. militant organisations have utilized the Internet and established a great accessible. updateable. synergistic. and international occurrence that antecedently would carry been hard if low about not possible to keep. Applied Hacktivism Hacktivism is the merger of the progress computing machine activism together with the politicization from the hackers. The evolutionary growth of both equally communities features put them in a place where they can congratulate each other mainly because they face the same techno-political resistance: the inhibitory use of Torahs and engineerings by private organizations and authoritiess to gradually supervise and command the net. The outgrowth of techno-politics has emboldened each community and provides a conduit intended for electronic movements. Oxblood Ruffin of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention talks about: Hacktivism aciérie scruples with engineering and girds all of us against the unpleasant nature of struggle. This allows us to mount better claims. rally unobserved Alliess. and take on any kind of dictatorship. ( 11 )

The conclusion of politicized hacking has taken a assortment of signifiers runing from electronic city noncompliance to besieging restrictions through architectural development and execution. Nevertheless. there is key expostulation to and controversy of the objective and methodological analysis of activities which can be frequently referred to as hacktivism. Much like the hacker/cracker dichotomy a large number of distinguish between hacktivism and “cracktivism. The former is employed to depict politically encouraged hacking that is constructive plus the latter disruptive. Cracking is identified as “the work of interrupting into a calculating machine system ( doze ) and when such Serves of the Apostless are performed for a great expressed political intent they are frequently described as hacktivism.

Nevertheless hacktivism is usually unstable and its particular focal point and look has evolved above clip. To avoid “definition confusion. it is better to analyse particular state of affairss contextually and analyze the ends. methods. outcomes. Events often described as hacktivism have been labeled as: breeze ( which include disfigurement and denial of service ). practical sitins. and architectural development. Not authorized entree. dysphemism and 2 comprise “cracktivism and should end up being examined with peculiar assessment since cases of unauthorised entree and web break are plainly featured nowadays in this sensationalized mass media clime. This sort of onslaughts are often labeled by media because “hacktivism despite there being a definite deficiency of personal significance and small in the event that any originative. technological effectiveness involved in the onslaught. Furthermore. they are really labeled as this sort of despite the fact that the culprits themselves. along with the hacktivist community. almost never describe such events as hacktivism. In 1998 there were a lot of targeted incidents in which processing machine invasion and disfigurement was used to protest unfairness.

( hypertext transfer process: //thehacktivist. com/archive/news/1998/MexicanHac kers-Reuters-1998. pdf file ) Kaotik Team defaced 45 Indonesian Web sites to add messages identifying for total liberty pertaining to East Timor. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //thehacktivist. com/archive/news/1998/E-GuerrilasOttawaCitizen-1998. pdf )

Defacement. inspite of being the most normally mentioned hacktivist maneuver in the multimedia. is not considered hacktivism merely because of some imprecise message that. when accepted as political. out of the blue makes a defacement hacktivism alternatively of simply another dysphemism. Hacktivism must hold a qualification of deliberately that the overwhelming bulk of disfigurements don’t have. A disfigurement by itself is low hacktivism. Kevin Poulsen differentiates between hooliganism and hacktivism: Vandalism can be malicious devastation or injury. non dishonest and insurgent meddling. The cogent proof for demonstration is in the top quality of the job. the lucidity of the meaning. and the motives behind it. ( 13 ) When randomly web sites are defaced ” web sites that have no dépendance to the expected issue of protest ” it is non hacktivism. Defacements began to drastically increase in 2k dues to general slack security and the airing of feats intended for Microsoft IIS waiter. especially the Unicode Directory Traversal Vulnerability which usually allowed disfigurements to be conducted through a web browser ” every bit easy whenever you would view a URL ( 14 ).

This ended in a focal point upon unpolitical visible disfigurements get forthing dysphemism as a solution to pull attending to a personal cause as a device of demonstration overshadowed and spent. Although some politically enthusiastic disfigurements do go on to consider topographic level they are regarded as an mistiming by many hacktivists and neglect to impact political alteration or perhaps draw attending to a politics cause. Contrary to the disfigurements of 1998. modern-day “political disfigurements are usually the consequence of ongoing feuds among disfigurement organizations. Embedded within a nationalist discourse. the twits between other defacers happen to be interpreted as politically enthusiastic “cyberwars and enflamed by simply sensationalist press describing. Within a widely cited illustration that occurred in 2001. a “cyberwar erupted after a U. S i9000. spy airplane was taken down in China.

On the other hand. as Attrition. org found out. it was even more a occasion of “self-fulfilling prophecy ” defacers who had non displayed any political motives instantly became political merely following the media interpreted their disfigurements as politics. Alternatively to be a “cyberwar. Attrition. org describes the wedding as “the corporate dick-waving of a heap of script-kidiots fueled by alleged journalists bring forthing media hype ” the former seeking to give food to their self-importances and the second option to feed their hit counts.  ( 12-15 ) It is often suggested that viruses and worms are used by hacktivists to advance politics messages. The merely good documented function occurred in 1989 when a politics worm known as WANK targeted the HEPnet and the NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (NASA) SPAN webs to protest the development of atomic arms ( 16 ). There have been couple of politically determined viruses and worms since WANK. The few which has been identified as politics include:

Milw0rm pennyless into computing machine systems at India’s Bhabha Atomic Research Middle. Bombay ( BARC ) in a demonstration against atomic arms studies. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. born. com/news/technology/0. 1282. 12717. 00. hypertext markup language ) LoU people Bronc Buster and Hurrikan disabled firewalls in order to let China’s Internet surfers uncensored durchgang to the Internet. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wired. com/news/print/0. 1294. 16545. 00. ht milliliter ) X-Ploit defaced the web sites of Mexico’s Finance Ministry and Wellness Ministry to protest the authorities of President Ernesto Zedillo and demo unification with the Zapatista rebellion.

? Mawanella: A computer virus that made an appearance in 2001

depicting the firing down of two mosques and one hundred Muslim-owned stores in Mawanella. ( hypertext copy protocol: //www. sophos. com/virusinfo/articles/mawanell a. hypertext markup dialect ) Injustice: A worm that came out in 2001 protesting the violent fatality of 12 twelvemonth outdated Palestinian youngster Mohammad Al-Durra.

( hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sophos. com/virusinfo/articles/injusti. hypertext markup language ) Vote-A: A 2001 worm that calls for a ballot about whether America should go war. ( hypertext copy protocol: //www. sophos. com/virusinfo/analyses/w32v ote-a. hypertext markup terminology ) Yaha-E: A 2002 worm that attempts a denial of service onslaught on a Pakistani government’s site. ( hypertext transfer process: //www. sophos. com/virusinfo/articles/yahae3. hypertext markup vocabulary )

Ame La Serenidad stated that non basically had the EDT did not confer with with Mexican organisations they besides did non confer with with all the Zapatistas. Furthermore. Ame La Paz recommended that this sort of actions may take to increasing confrontation plus the escalation of belligerencies in internet. There have been other these reviews of electronic detrimental noncompliance from within the partisan community. ( 20 ) The etoy narrative of 1999/2000 is a tale glancing the Western european art business etoy. com and Net plaything large eToys. com. etoy is actually a dynamic graphics that “uses the corporate construction to maximise cultural value to be able to research the roles of globalisation. ( twenty-one ) After etoy rejected an offer by eToys to get the sphere name etoy. com. eToys sought and won a impermanent cortège injunction denying etoy using the world etoy. com despite the fact that etoy. com had been registered ahead of the eToys Organization had also existed.

The logical considering was that etoy. com was bewilderingly a lot like etoys. com Not happy to discontinue. protagonists of etoy. most notably RTMark began a run. a toy warfare. designed no merely to decrease the value of eToys stock to create a case in point that “would force e-commerce corporations in the hereafter to believe 2 times approximately censoring for monetary net income.  ( 22 ) A Virtual Sit-In was structured to combination the premier shopping yearss of December. 15-25 and promotion works targeted eToys investing boards all of which had an impact on the stock value of eToys. In fact the stock started to drop the twenty-four hours the protests began. eToys finally drop their claim and etoy regained control of the etoy. com world with eToys picking up the legal costs. ( twenty-three ) An additional major ECD action. one which introduced the construct of synchronised electronic digital and road based protest. was started by the electrohippies collective to co-occur with all the 1999 avenue presentations in Seattle. Washington against the appointment of the World Trade Organization.

That they argue that by simply organizing streets and Web-based protest the involvements with the populace will be furthered. The web. they argue. is non separate through the street: Consequently. we must happen mechanisms for lobbying and protest in internet to complement individuals usually found in existent life. Without general public force per unit region internet will hold no meaningful or ordre controls to command the surpluss of politicians. organizations or corporations who would strive to rule that public endless. ( twenty-four ) The action was conducted “To supply a mechanism to get ordinary people. that can non get to Seattle. to register a protest which may hold the effects tantamount to really being presently there in person ( twenty-five ) by decelerating or perhaps barricading diele to the WTO’s waiters.

It is of importance to observe that the anti-virus signifier Symantec current has a turning database of over 65000 viruses and worms that few have any content that could be interpreted as politics. However. the self-seeking involvements of secureness houses have got led these people into overstating the becoming of politics viruses and worms. For instance. the text in the Yaha-E worm is merely a lot of lines of misspelled twits directed at a rival dysphemism group ” a message that may be barely political. The fact is that viruses and worms happen to be infrequently linked to political intents. The development and usage infections or viruses is no loosely approved within the hacktivist community ” in fact the majority of oppose this. Electronic Detrimental Disobedience ( ECD ) is a genuine signifier of non-violent. direct action utilized in order to convey force every unit area on organizations engaged in underhanded or condemnable actions. Within the electronic environment. ECD should interrupt the operation of information and capital flows of carefully picked mark sites without carrying out serious damage.

Presently depending on. but no limited to. the tactical usage of encirclement and trespass. ECD acts as a mechanism through which “the value system of the province ( where information features higher value than the person ) is inverted. puting information back in the service of men and women instead than utilizing it to profit institutions.  ( 17 ) The realization of ECD in this respect continues to be an effort to obstruct electronic digital marks through mass proposal. Stefan Wray explains: At the begining of 1998 just a little group identifying themselves the Electric Disturbance Cinema had been observing other people tinkering with early signifiers of useful sitins. The group so created package deal called FloodNet and on a figure of occasions offers invited mass engagement in the practical sitins against the Philippine authorities. EDT members Carmin Karasic and Brett Stalbaum created FloodNet to immediate a “symbolic gesture against an adversary’s web site.

FloodNet is a Web-based Java applet that regularly sends web browser reload bids. In theory. once adequate EDT participants are at the same time indicating the FloodNet URL toward an resistance site. a major mass prevents farther entry. Actually. this has been seldom obtained. Given this. probably FloodNet’s power lies more in the artificial menace. ( 18 ) It should be noted that a Mexican enterprise. Ame La Paz. when supportive of the construct released a statement essential of the EDT’s action: All of us besides believe your Electric Civil Disobedience on The spring is a brilliant. intelligent and well-planned pitch. but it is unneeded and unsafe. ( 19 )

Oxblood points out: Many on-line militants claims to be hacktivists. but their techniques are frequently at odds with what we consider hacktivism to be. From the cDc’s position. innovative activity is good, devastation is usually bad. Cyber criminals should progress the free of charge flow of information. and undertaking anything to interrupt. prevent. or perhaps idiot that flow is usually improper. Pertaining to case. Center for Disease Control and Prevention really does non find Web disfigurements or Denial of Support ( DoS ) attacks to be legit hacktivist activities. The former is nil a lot more than high-tech hooliganism. and the last mentioned. an invasion on free address. ( 29 ) Alternatively. it really is argued the focal point of hacktivism must be shifted from electronic break to job solution. Oxblood Ruffin explains: Hacktivism can be an open-source implosion. It takes the best of choping civilization. and the jussive moods with the quantum community. and fuses a solution. ( 30 ) Hacktivismo chooses to re-define hacktivism while “using executive to progress man rights through electronic media.  ( 31 ) Re-focusing around the initial hacker moral basic principle. hacktivists search for originative alternatives that circumvent restrictions in codification.

In the event that. as Lawrence Lessig advises. “code can be law ( 32 ) so code itself is a primary site of challenge. Despite becoming heralded as being a democratising architectural by virtuousness of their decentralized. open-architecture design the world wide web is progressively coming beneath force per unit location by companies. authoritiess and corporations that seek to have and command word it. The increasing attaque of Animal cyberlaw ” including anti- ( web ) terrorist act commissariats every bit very good as logical belongings jurisprudence ” put together with technological actions that limit freedom of address and show online warned the Internet equally as a marketing communications medium and as a agency of activism. Some online hackers have been disputing limitations to free addresses and just consumption rights inside the tribunals. 2600 Magazine has become taken to conseil several times above such issues. most notably the DeCSS example. In November. 1999 Experts of Invert Engineering ( MoRE ) released DeCSS. a plan that allowed users to do transcripts of copy-protected DVD’s. MoRE member Jon Johansen said they had released the codification so that users could perform DVD’s within the Linux operating-system. 2600 Mag was sued by the MPAA for producing the DeCSS beginning codification. ( 33 )

Though 2600 made the decision non to appeal a opinion against them in the U. S i9000. ( 34 ) Jon Johansen gained his tribunal instance in Norway and has as released a great unfastened start public-service organization that deposits the contents of a Quicktime watercourse tugging attending to reasonable usage privileges. ( 35 ) More and more. militants and hacktivists are being criminalized and labeled as terrorists. Users. militants. and hackers furthermore face censoring and monitoring on the Internet. Therefore hacktivists have started to develop engineerings aimed at authorising Internet users and militants with security and privateness enhancing tools. You will discover legion constant hacktivist companies to develop engineerings that would enable militants. citizens and civil society chain to procure themselves against. or work about. Internet censoring and surveillance. The range of the engineerings amounts from small. simple books and strategies to really developed peer-to-peer web protocols. and stegonography tools.

The newest collaborative hacktivist community Hackforge. cyberspace uses to convey jointly hackers and militants in an unfastened commencing collaborative package development environment in The functional sit-in. or perhaps client-side DDOS. differs via serverside DDOS since “client-side distributed actions require the attempts of existent persons. taking part in their 1000s simultaneously as the latter needs the breeze of computing machines to apply as living deads within an machine-controlled DDOS onslaught. Regret. org’s Brian Martin explains server-side DDOS: Prior to developing this signifier of DDoS inundation. the aggressor must first by means of media assorted hosts on different chain. The more webs and equipment used since launch items. the more powerful the onslaught. Once every host had been broken into. they would placed in a DDoS client plan on the machine that would sit prepared to assail. When the web of compromised servers was designed with the new client strategy. the overfaldsmand could direct a quick bid in the DDoS waiter package triping each equipment to establish and lots of. ( twenty six )

Other folks within the hacker/hacktivist fierily go against sb/sth ? disobey the maneuver of the useful sit-in suggesting that there is simply no difference between a practical sit-in and a DDOS onslaught. In a respond to the electrohippies. Oxblood Ruffin of cDc/Hacktivismo explains: Denial of Services. is Refusal of Assistance. is Denial of Support. period. The lone difference between a plan like Stacheldraht a DDoS application written by The Mixter ] and the customer side javascript plan authored by the Electrohippies is the difference among blowing a thing up and being pecked to decease by a sweet. ( twenty seven ) Hacktivism is no purely the importing of militant techniques into the digital kingdom. Somewhat it is the seem of hacker accomplishments in the signifier of electronic immediate action. That acknowledges that neither the tactics nor the seeks of hacktivism are sedentary. Rather. they have to continually germinate in order to be effective.

Therefore a differentiation is created between cyber-terrorist engaged in movements and partisan trying use the proficient facets of choping to mime and apologize traditional signifiers of activism. This sentiment is summed up by Oxblood Ruffin of cDc/Hacktivismo: Hacktivism is about using more utile statements ” whether of codification or words ” to build an even more perfect system. One really does non get a hacktivist simply by infixing an “h in forepart of the term militant or perhaps by looking backward to paradigms associated with commercial organisation. ( 28 ) Break ( whether simply by computing machine housebreakings. dysphemism or denial of support ). in this respect. is low feasible choice. In order to ease the continued advancement hacktivist engineerings. Hovering between creative activity and conflict hacktivism is returning to it is hacker root base.

True to the hacker meaning of “circumventing limitations hacktivists include ever aimed at engineering creation. with a peculiar focal point on guaranting independence of talk about on the Net. although this facet offers frequently recently been ignored by the media and faculty members. Hacktivism is low simple pranksterism. nor is that malicious or perhaps destructive. It truly is non associated with disfigurements and DoS onslaughts. Hacktivism is a signifier of electric direct actions in which originative and important thought can be fused with scheduling fulfillment and codification making a brand new mechanism to complete societal and political change. Hacktivists are committed to acquiring the Internet like a platform of totally free address and appear. This makes certain that the Internet remains to be a medium for movements and a setting that assists in the free circulation of information.

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29. hypertext transfer protocol: //hacktivismo. com/news/modules. php? name=Content A, pa=showpage A, pid= 10 40. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cultdeadcow. com/cDc_files/cDc-0361. html thirty-one. hypertext transfer protocol: //hacktivismo. com/news/modules. php? name=Content A, pa=showpage A, pid= 10 32.

hypertext transfer protocol: //code-is-law. org/ 33. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. theregister. co. uk/content/archive/23633. html 34. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. 2600. com/news/view/article/1233 35. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. theregister. co. uk/content/4/34141. hypertext markup language

Precisely what is Hacktivism? 1 ) 0 can be found: hypertext copy protocol: //www. thehacktivist. com/hacktivism1. php

Remarks: 1 . hypertext transfer process: //www. drudge. gr/jargon/html/H/hacker. code 2 . hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary. refer to. com/search? q=activism 3. This kind of definition appeared on the CULT OF THE USELESS COW’s now defunct website hypertext copy protocol: //www. hacktivism. org which is archived here: hypertext transfer process: //web. store. org/web/19981203083935/http: //www. hacktivism. org/ 4. hypertext transfer protocol: //mosaic. echonyc. com/~steven/hackers. html 5. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wildebeest. org/gnu/thegnuproject. html 6. hypertext transfer process: //www. Li. org/linuxhistory. php 7. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wildebeest. org/copyleft/gpl. html code 8. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. phrack. org/phrack/6/P06-03 on the lookout for. hypertext copy protocol: //www. phrack. org/phrack/14/P14-03 10. hypertext transfer protocol: //thehacktivist. com/archive/edt/wwwhack. html 10. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. drudge. gr/jargon/html/C/cracking. html doze. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. securityfocus. com/bid/1806/info/ 13. hypertext transfer process: //www. techtv. com/cybercrime/print/0. 23102. 2000216. 00. html 16. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. abrasion. org/mirror/attrition/defacements-graphs. html 15. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. abrasion. org/security/commentary/cn-us-war. hypertext markup language sixteen. hypertext copy protocol: //www. cert. org/advisories/CA-1989-04. hypertext markup language 17. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. critical-art. net/books/ecd/ecd2. pdf 18. hypertext copy protocol: //thehacktivist. com/archive/edt/wwwhack. html code 19. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. factor. net/~rdom/ecd/amelapaz. code 20. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. thing. net/~rdom/ecd/harrycontrib. html code hypertext copy protocol: //www. nettime. org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9808/msg00028. html twenty one. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. etoy. com 22. hypertext transfer process: //www. rtmark. com/etoymain. code 23. hypertext transfer process: //www. wired. com/news/politics/0. 1283. 33111. 00. html hypertext transfer process: //www. ” cable “. com/news/politics/0. 1283. 32936. 00. html hypertext transfer process: //www. rtmark. com/etoy. html code 24. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. gn. armored personnel carrier. org/pmhp/ehippies/files/op1. htm 25.

hypertext copy protocol: //www. gn. armored personnel jar. org/pmhp/ehippies/archive/wtoir. htm 26. hypertext transfer process: //www. scratching. org/~jericho/works/security/dos. code 27. hypertext transfer process: //www. cultdeadcow. com/details. php3? listing_id=410 twenty-eight. hypertext copy protocol: //www. cultdeadcow. com/details. php3? listing_id=410

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